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9 Best Window Mounted Bird Feeders With Cameras (November 2026)

Updated on · By the Frogs Watch team

The best window mounted bird feeders with cameras include the Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangout for the clearest up-close view, the Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feeder for daily alerts and species ID, and the DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feeder for busy feeding stations.

On this page (5 sections)
  1. The best window mounted bird feeders with cameras and clear trays
  2. How these window mounted feeders compare
  3. How we compared these window feeders and camera feeders
  4. Which window feeder with a camera suits your window?
  5. The verdict: clear tray first, camera when you want alerts

The best window mounted bird feeder with camera setup for most people is a clear suction feeder like the Nature's Hangout, paired with a camera feeder placed just outside the glass. If you want alerts and species names built in, the Cadrali 3K HD is the strongest all-in-one pick.

The two jobs pull in different directions. A clear acrylic tray gives you the closest view and needs no charging.

A camera feeder adds recordings, phone alerts and bird identification, but it hangs on a wall, tree or pole rather than the window glass.

This guide covers both routes and the models that do each one well. Pick your route first, then the model.

Our picks at a glance

  1. 1 Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangout
    Best for the clearest up-close view

    Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangout

    9.7/10 our score

    See it on Amazon
  2. 2 Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feeder
    Best for daily alerts and species ID

    Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feeder

    9.7/10 our score

    See it on Amazon
  3. 3 DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feeder
    Best for busy feeding stations

    DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feeder

    9.6/10 our score

    See it on Amazon
  1. 4homebird Window Bird Feeder with Strong Suction

    homebird Window Bird Feeder with Strong Suction

    Best for renters and quick set-up
    Check it
  2. 5PEEIPM Smart Bird Feeder with Camera OutdoorCheck it
  3. 6Kingsyard Window Bird Feeder with 4 ExtraCheck it
  4. 7Humbirdy 4K Smart Bird Feeder

    Humbirdy 4K Smart Bird Feeder

    Best for fee-free 4K video
    Check it
  5. 8Kiwibit 4K 8MP Solar Bird Feeder

    Kiwibit 4K 8MP Solar Bird Feeder

    Best for sharing with family
    Check it
  6. 9HARYMOR Solar Smart Bird Feeder

    HARYMOR Solar Smart Bird Feeder

    Best for large seed loads
    Check it

The best window mounted bird feeders with cameras and clear trays

The Nature's Hangout clear feeder gives the closest view for the least fuss, while the camera models handle alerts, identification and recording. Choose by how much you want your phone involved.

1

Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangout: Best for the clearest up-close view

Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangout, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
9.7/10Our score
  • 1/4 inch cast acrylic
  • 6 suction cups
  • Over 4 cups of seed
  • Slide-out cleaning tray

A big clear tray that sticks to plain glass with six suction cups, so birds feed inches from your face without any electronics in the way.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • Thick cast acrylic body
  • Six suction cups including spares
  • Large seed capacity
  • Tray slides out for cleaning

Cons

  • No camera or alerts
  • Needs a plain glass window for a firm hold

Nature's Hangout suits someone who wants birds at the glass with nothing to charge. Its 1/4 inch cast acrylic body is thick for a suction feeder, and six suction cups share the load.

The 12-inch width and 5-inch height put a long perch right in front of your eyes.

The over 4-cup seed tray means fewer refills, and the slide-out tray empties and rinses in seconds. That matters more than it sounds once starlings find the feeder.

The manufacturer suggests cleaning the glass first, dampening the cups to improve the seal, and pressing firmly. Bent cups soften in warm water for about ten minutes.

The kit includes six cups, so spares are in the box if one loses grip.

This model has no camera. It is the feeder you pair with a separate camera feeder nearby when you want footage.

The clear acrylic also gives the camera an unobstructed line of sight to the perch.

Buy it for the plain, close-up view. It is the anchor of a two-piece setup.

Window Bird Feeder by Nature's HangoutCheck it on Amazon
2

Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feeder: Best for daily alerts and species ID

Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feeder, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
9.7/10Our score
  • 3K HD live view
  • AI ID for 10,000+ species
  • 3W solar panel and 5000mAh battery
  • 2.4GHz WiFi

A solar camera feeder that streams in 3K and names what lands, sending a phone alert each time a bird arrives.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • Sharp 3K daytime and night view
  • AI species identification
  • Solar charging with a large battery
  • IP65 waterproof and chew-proof body

Cons

  • Mounts to a wall or tree, not the glass
  • AI identification and cloud storage need a subscription after the trial

Cadrali is the all-in-one choice when you want your phone to tell you what arrived. The 3K HD camera streams day and night, and the AI names birds from more than 10,000 species.

An alert reaches your phone each time a bird lands.

Its solar panel and 5000mAh battery keep it running through the seasons, and the IP65 body is built to handle rain, snow and chewing animals. Setup takes about 5 minutes on a wall, tree or pole.

Storage runs to a 128GB microSD card, sold separately, or to cloud space through the plan.

The trade-off is placement. It does not stick to glass, so you mount it just outside the window you watch from.

That slight distance is the price of a solar panel and a weatherproof housing. At 4 x 5 x 2 inches it is also a compact feeder, so expect a smaller seed load than a full window tray.

It only connects on 2.4GHz WiFi. Check your network band before you buy.

The AI and cloud storage need a subscription after the 30-day trial. Go elsewhere if a fee puts you off, but stay if live naming matters.

Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird FeederCheck it on Amazon
3

DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feeder: Best for busy feeding stations

DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feeder, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
9.6/10Our score
  • 5 strong suction cups
  • Removable seed tray
  • Drainage holes
  • Rounded corners

Five suction cups and a deep seed tray hold steady when several birds crowd the perch at once, with a tray that lifts straight out.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • Five suction cups for a firm grip
  • Removable tray for quick cleaning
  • Roof and drainage holes keep seed dry
  • Rounded edges are safe for birds

Cons

  • No camera
  • Acrylic can cloud over years of sun

DY-SKTY suits a window where several birds land together. Five suction cups hold the feeder steady under a crowd, and the 3.1-pound seed tray gives them room.

The design sits on plain glass with no tools.

The removable tray lifts out for cleaning, and the sloped roof plus drainage holes keep seed dry in rain and snow. Rounded corners remove the sharp edges birds could catch a wing on.

The perch design also leaves space between birds rather than forcing them into a scrum.

This one is also camera-free. Its strength is as the clear feeder at the glass, with the camera model sitting just beyond it.

That split keeps the close-up view and the recording separate.

Pick it if your window already draws a crowd and you want a feeder that holds its grip. The target species list runs to cardinals, woodpeckers, finches and robins, which suits seed mixes.

Skip it if you want alerts without adding a second device.

DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird FeederCheck it on Amazon
4

homebird Window Bird Feeder with Strong Suction: Best for renters and quick set-up

homebird Window Bird Feeder with Strong Suction, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
9.5/10Our score
  • No assembly
  • Larger viewing area
  • Removable tray
  • Clear acrylic

A pre-built clear feeder that presses onto the glass in under a minute, which suits people who move often or rent.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • No assembly out of the box
  • Wide viewing area
  • Removable tray for refills
  • Lifetime guarantee from homebird

Cons

  • No camera
  • Holds less seed than the largest pick here

homebird suits renters and anyone who wants the feeder up before the kettle boils. It arrives assembled and presses onto plain glass in under a minute, with no tools.

The wider viewing area means birds fill more of the window pane.

Its removable tray refills and cleans without taking the feeder down, and homebird backs it with a lifetime guarantee. The company says its clear acrylic stays clear rather than going cloudy the way cheaper plastics do.

That matters if you plan to leave it up year after year.

The trade-off is seed capacity. It holds less than the Nature's Hangout and DY-SKTY trays, so busier windows mean more refills.

The smaller load also puts less strain on the cups. The homebird feeder has sold more than 100,000 units globally, so spare trays and cups are easy to find.

Choose it for a first feeder or a rental where you want no fuss and no holes. Add a camera feeder outside for footage.

homebird Window Bird Feeder with Strong SuctionCheck it on Amazon
5

PEEIPM Smart Bird Feeder with Camera Outdoor: Best for two-way listening

PEEIPM Smart Bird Feeder with Camera Outdoor, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
9.0/10Our score
  • 2K HD live video
  • AI ID for 5000+ birds
  • Two-way audio
  • Solar powered

A solar camera feeder with a microphone and speaker, so you can hear birds at the feeder and shoo squirrels away from your phone.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • Two-way audio
  • AI recognition for 5000+ birds
  • Solar charging
  • Shares with more than 10 accounts

Cons

  • 2.4GHz WiFi only
  • Hangs from a tree rather than the glass

PEEIPM suits the birdwatcher who wants to hear as well as see. The 2K camera streams live video, and the built-in mic and speaker let you listen in or shoo a squirrel off the feeder.

The food bowl and water bowl sit inside the housing, so seed and water are on offer at once.

The AI names more than 5000 birds, and the solar panel keeps the camera topped up. More than 10 accounts can watch the same feed, which helps when family members live apart.

It also records footage when a visitor arrives, so you can review the day later.

Its mounting type is a tree, so it works best hung just outside the window you watch from, not stuck to the glass. That distance is fine for a garden view but less intimate than a suction tray.

At 8 x 8 x 6 inches and 1.88 kg it needs a sturdy branch or bracket.

It only runs on 2.4GHz WiFi. Storage uses a microSD card from 2GB to 64GB, formatted FAT32 before first use.

The device ships with a food reservoir, perch, camera and mounting kit. Charge it fully before first use, then let solar take over.

PEEIPM Smart Bird Feeder with Camera OutdoorCheck it on Amazon
6

Kingsyard Window Bird Feeder with 4 Extra: Best for drop-prone spots

Kingsyard Window Bird Feeder with 4 Extra, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
8.8/10Our score
  • Polycarbonate body
  • 4 strong suction cups
  • Lift-out tray
  • Drainage holes

Built from polycarbonate instead of acrylic, so an accidental knock off the glass is less likely to crack the feeder.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • Tough polycarbonate shell
  • Lift-out tray for cleaning
  • Drainage holes keep seed dry
  • Takes sunflower, safflower and mixes

Cons

  • No camera
  • Smallest seed capacity in this group

Kingsyard suits windows near a door, a path or a spot where things get knocked. Its polycarbonate shell is tougher than acrylic and less likely to crack if it hits the ground.

That matters in a household with kids or a curious cat.

Four suction cups hold it to the glass, and the lift-out tray makes cleaning quick. Drainage holes keep seed from sitting in water, and the perch takes sunflower, safflower or mixed blends.

The adjustable perch lets you set the spacing for the birds you see most.

This is the smallest feeder here at 0.7 kg of seed. That is fine for a single window and a handful of birds, but a busy perch will need refilling more often.

The dimensions of 3.8 x 6.8 x 9.2 inches keep it compact on a narrow pane.

It has no camera. Think of it as the sturdy clear feeder to pair with a camera model when the window gets bumped.

The target species list names cardinals, finches, chickadees, sparrows and titmice. Skip it if you want a big seed load.

Kingsyard Window Bird Feeder with 4 ExtraCheck it on Amazon
7

Humbirdy 4K Smart Bird Feeder: Best for fee-free 4K video

Humbirdy 4K Smart Bird Feeder, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
7.8/10Our score
  • 4K 30fps live view
  • 8MP HDR stills
  • Free AI for 10,000+ species
  • 32GB built-in storage

A metal-bodied camera feeder that streams in true 4K and stores clips on board, with no monthly fee for the camera or app.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • 4K live view and 8MP stills
  • No subscription for camera use
  • 32GB storage included
  • Detachable camera for charging

Cons

  • Mounts to a wall or tree, not the glass
  • AI extras beyond the basics may cost extra

Humbirdy suits the buyer who wants sharp footage without a monthly bill. Its 4K 30fps camera and 8MP HDR stills show feather detail, and 32GB of built-in storage holds the clips.

A portrait-orientation sensor helps frame birds on the perch.

The no-subscription promise covers the camera and app, including AI identification for more than 10,000 species. A metal body stands up to weather and curious animals, and the camera lifts out for charging.

The M-Guard feeding ports keep birds outside the seed container so none get trapped.

The catch is placement again. It mounts on a wall or tree, so the window becomes your viewing spot rather than its home.

At 4K it also fills storage faster than a 2K model. The focus range runs from 0 to 5 inches and detection reaches 15 inches, so set it close to the perch.

Dual-band WiFi is a plus here, since it connects on 2.4GHz or 5GHz. It also records 1080p at 120fps for slow-motion clips.

It costs more than the clear feeders and the simpler camera models.

Humbirdy 4K Smart Bird FeederCheck it on Amazon
8

Kiwibit 4K 8MP Solar Bird Feeder: Best for sharing with family

Kiwibit 4K 8MP Solar Bird Feeder, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
7.6/10Our score
  • 4K HDR live streaming
  • 8MP photos
  • 132-degree wide view
  • External solar panel

A 4K feeder camera with a movable solar panel and generous sharing limits, so several people can watch the same feed.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • 4K HDR day and night view
  • External solar panel you can angle toward the sun
  • Live view shared with 3 people at once
  • Works down to -4 F

Cons

  • 2.4GHz WiFi only
  • AI species ID needs a subscription after 30 days

Kiwibit suits a household that watches together. Its 4K HDR feed can be shared live with 3 people at once, and recorded moments go to up to 20 accounts.

The 132-degree wide view catches birds at the edge of the frame.

The external 3W solar panel can be angled toward the sun separately from the feeder, which helps in shaded yards. A 5200mAh battery and a 132-degree wide view round out the hardware.

It runs from -4 F to 122 F, so it handles cold winters as well as summer sun.

It only connects on 2.4GHz WiFi. The 4K live view and motion alerts are free, but AI species ID needs a subscription after the 30-day trial.

A microSD card up to 512GB is supported but sold separately. There is also a free 1-day rolling cloud history for anyone who wants a little backup.

Pick it for a family spread across several homes. Skip it if you want the feeder on the glass itself.

The mount options are pole, wall or tree strap.

Kiwibit 4K 8MP Solar Bird FeederCheck it on Amazon
9

HARYMOR Solar Smart Bird Feeder: Best for large seed loads

HARYMOR Solar Smart Bird Feeder, window mounted bird feeders with cameras
7.2/10Our score
  • 2L seed container
  • 2K HD video
  • AI ID for 10,000+ species
  • Two solar panels

A 2-liter hopper with a 120-degree lens and two solar panels, aimed at people who would rather refill less often.

See it on Amazon

Pros

  • Large 2L seed capacity
  • Built-in and external solar panels
  • 120-degree wide-angle lens
  • IP65 waterproof funnel keeps seed dry

Cons

  • 2.4GHz WiFi only
  • AI species info needs an app subscription

HARYMOR suits someone who would rather not refill often. Its 2-liter seed container holds more than most camera feeders, and two solar panels keep the camera charged.

The built-in panel sits on the housing and the external one can be placed for more sun.

The 2K camera has a 120-degree lens and 3x magnification for close-up feather shots. Real-time arrival alerts arrive with a snapshot, and the IP65 funnel keeps seed dry.

Night vision through the IR cut lens lets you see birds after dark.

The trade-offs are modest. The camera only supports 2.4GHz WiFi, and the AI species info needs an app subscription.

The wide lens also stretches the view, so birds look smaller than on a narrower lens. The app stores recordings to a memory card up to 128GB or to cloud storage with a 3-day loop.

Choose it for a feeder that runs on its own for longer stretches. The 2L load and dual panels mean fewer trips out.

Skip it if you want the closest possible view from your chair.

HARYMOR Solar Smart Bird FeederCheck it on Amazon

How these window mounted feeders compare

The clear trays win on closeness and the camera models win on features. The comparison table shows where each one lands on mounting, power and video.

ProductBest forMountCapacityMaterialOur score
Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangoutthe clearest up-close viewWindow suction cups2 poundsClear acrylic9.7
Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feederdaily alerts and species IDWall, tree or pole9.7
DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feederbusy feeding stationsWindow suction cups3.1 poundsAcrylic9.6
homebird Window Bird Feeder with Strong Suctionrenters and quick set-upWindow suction cupsAcrylic9.5
PEEIPM Smart Bird Feeder with Camera Outdoortwo-way listeningTree mount9.0
Kingsyard Window Bird Feeder with 4 Extradrop-prone spotsWindow suction cups0.7 kgPolycarbonate8.8
Humbirdy 4K Smart Bird Feederfee-free 4K video7.8
Kiwibit 4K 8MP Solar Bird Feedersharing with familyPole, wall or tree strap7.6
HARYMOR Solar Smart Bird Feederlarge seed loads2 liters7.2

The split is clear once you sort by mount type. Four models stick to the glass with suction cups: Nature's Hangout, DY-SKTY, homebird and Kingsyard.

All four run without power and put birds inches away. The other five are camera feeders that mount on a wall, tree or pole and watch from a short distance.

Video quality separates the camera group. Cadrali streams 3K, Humbirdy and Kiwibit reach 4K, and PEEIPM and HARYMOR sit at 2K.

Species ID ranges from 5000 birds on PEEIPM to more than 10,000 on the rest. Subscription rules differ too, so read each entry before you commit.

Seed capacity runs from 0.7 kg on the Kingsyard to 2 liters on the HARYMOR. A big tray means fewer refills, while a small one suits a quiet window.

Match the load to how many birds your window draws.

How we compared these window feeders and camera feeders

We scored each model on how well it fits the job a window watcher wants: getting birds close to the glass. Specs came first, including mounting type, seed capacity and materials.

A thick acrylic body and a spare set of cups carried more weight than a long feature list.

For camera models we weighed video resolution, power source, storage and whether key features need a subscription. A 4K feed with no fee scored better than a sharper camera locked behind a plan.

We also counted how many users can share a feed and how the solar panel is positioned.

Then we set each product against the others here so no two picks suit the same buyer. The clear feeders were judged as close-view tools and the camera models as alert-and-recording tools.

Comparing them head to head would miss the point, since they do different jobs.

Our score weighs specs, features and buyer feedback against what you're shopping for. That is why a camera-free feeder can score as high as a smart model.

Neither is better in the abstract. The right one depends on whether you want your eyes or your phone at the window.

Which window feeder with a camera suits your window?

A clear suction feeder is the better first buy for most windows, because it works without power and puts birds inches from the glass. Add a camera feeder when you want recordings or alerts.

The main split is mounting. Suction trays stick to plain glass.

Camera feeders mount to a wall, tree or pole and watch the feeder from a short distance. Neither is harder to set up, but only one needs charging.

Should you put the feeder on the glass or near it?

Put a plain clear feeder on the glass and a camera feeder just outside it if you want both the close view and footage. A single camera feeder on the glass would need a battery in the window and a cable to charge it.

That gets awkward fast.

That two-device setup also keeps seed and electronics apart, so cleaning the tray never risks the camera. Hang the camera feeder within its focus range of the clear tray.

On the Humbirdy that means within about 15 inches for detection and 5 inches for a sharp frame. For more on the camera-only route, our window bird feeder with camera roundup compares the smart models in depth.

How much does video resolution matter for bird ID?

2K is enough to see color and markings for most species ID. 4K gives sharper feather detail and better crops for stills.

The difference shows most when you zoom into a saved photo.

AI identification does most of the naming, and the Cadrali and HARYMOR both recognize 10,000+ species at 2K or better. Go 4K when you want to save and share photos.

Our bird feeder with 4k camera guide covers the sharpest options.

Do you need a subscription to watch birds on your phone?

No. Live video and motion alerts work without a plan on most of these cameras.

Species ID and long cloud storage usually need one after a free trial. Basic watching stays free even when the smart features stop.

Check before you buy, because plans differ. Humbirdy says its camera and app need no subscription at all.

Cadrali, Kiwibit and HARYMOR each need a plan for the AI features after the trial. PEEIPM leaves storage to a memory card, so you can skip the cloud entirely.

What about hummingbird feeders?

Hummingbird feeders need a different design, with small ports and nectar instead of seed. Our hummingbird bird feeder with camera picks cover that setup.

The ports and the food are the whole difference, and a seed feeder will not do the job.

A window tray like the Nature's Hangout takes seed and suits most garden birds. Hummingbirds need their own feeder, though a camera model nearby can still film them.

Set the camera close to the nectar feeder and watch the same app you use for seed birds.

How do you keep a window feeder stuck to the glass?

Clean the glass first, then dampen the suction cups before pressing them firmly. Moisture helps the seal.

Warm water softens cups that arrive bent. That is the whole fix for most first-time mounting problems.

Re-press the cups when the feeder starts to wobble. On the Nature's Hangout, the extra cups in the box replace any that lose grip.

DY-SKTY and Kingsyard ship with five and four cups respectively, and homebird presses on pre-assembled. Our guide on whether birds will come to a window feeder also covers settling-in and placement.

What seed should go in a window feeder?

Sunflower, safflower and mixed blends draw the widest range of birds. Kingsyard lists sunflower, safflower and mixes for cardinals, goldfinches, chickadees, bluebirds and nuthatches.

DY-SKTY names cardinals, woodpeckers, finches and robins as its target species.

Avoid mixes heavy with milo or wheat filler. Birds kick those to the ground.

Black-oil sunflower is the safe choice for a first fill, and it works in every feeder here. Refill when the tray looks low so birds keep the spot on their route.

The verdict: clear tray first, camera when you want alerts

Pick the Nature's Hangout for most windows, because its thick acrylic, six cups and big seed tray give the closest, steadiest view. Choose the Cadrali 3K HD when you want solar power, 3K video and species ID in one device.

The rest split by need. DY-SKTY and homebird handle busy or rental windows.

Kingsyard takes knocks. PEEIPM adds sound, Humbirdy drops the fee, Kiwibit shares the feed, and HARYMOR holds the most seed.

The two-device route is the one we would suggest first. A clear feeder at the glass plus a camera model outside covers the close view and the footage without forcing one product to do both jobs.

Start with the clear tray and add the camera when the birds are already visiting.

Whichever window mounted bird feeder with camera setup you choose, place it close enough for the lens or your eyes to fill the frame. Then give birds a week or two to find it.

Our top 3 picks at a glance

  1. 1 Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangout
    Best for the clearest up-close view

    Window Bird Feeder by Nature's Hangout

    9.7/10 our score

    See it on Amazon
  2. 2 Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feeder
    Best for daily alerts and species ID

    Cadrali 3K HD Smart Bird Feeder

    9.7/10 our score

    See it on Amazon
  3. 3 DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feeder
    Best for busy feeding stations

    DY-SKTY Clear Window Bird Feeder

    9.6/10 our score

    See it on Amazon

Frequently asked questions

Can a window mounted bird feeder with camera record at night?

Some can. The Cadrali 3K HD streams day and night, and the Kiwibit and HARYMOR both use night vision for low light.

A plain suction feeder has no camera, so night viewing means choosing a camera model.

Will a suction feeder hold a camera as well as seed?

Plain glass window feeders rely on suction cups and hold seed and birds only. Camera feeders in this group mount to a wall, tree or pole instead, so the camera weight sits on a fixed bracket rather than the glass.

Do these camera feeders work without a subscription?

Live video and motion alerts usually work free. Species ID and longer cloud storage often need a paid plan once the trial ends.

Humbirdy says its camera and app need no subscription, and Kiwibit keeps 4K live view free.

How far from the window should I place a camera feeder?

Close enough for the lens to fill the frame with birds. The Humbirdy focuses from 0 to 5 inches and detects visitors up to 15 inches away.

Set a feeder camera within that range for sharp, close shots.

Why do birds avoid a new window feeder?

Reflections on the glass and unfamiliar movement keep birds back at first. Remove shiny objects nearby and give it a week or two.

Our guide on whether birds will come to a window feeder covers settling-in steps.